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PPG foundation models compared

A side-by-side view of foundation models that take PPG as input, from PaPaGei and Pulse-PPG to multimodal models such as NormWear and CSFM. The table lists pretraining data, model size, whether weights are downloadable and the license, which are usually the first questions when choosing a model for a new task.

PPG foundation models compared: ChatPPG research summary card

Aether

compute-optimal physiological waveform FM family (20M–2.1B)

AnyPPG

Apple wearable biosignals FM

BeatFormer

delay-aware beat-resolved ECG–PPG cardiovascular FM

CAP

CardioFM

CardioState-JEPA

CSFM (Cardiac Signal FM)

DNA-PPG

FemWear

Geenjaar multimodal-supervision PPG FM

HiMAE

M2AE (Biosignal Fingerprinting)

MIRA

NeuroRVQ (PPG tokenizer)

NormWear

NormWear-2

OpenSLA

Sensor-Language-Action model (UCLA, Yuzhe Yang lab)

PaPaGei-S

PPG-LM

ProtoMM (Pulse-Motion)

Pulse-PPG

RAE-PPG

Samsung MMR

SensorLM

SiamQuality

SIGMA-PPG

SleepFM-2

SOTER

TF-MambaNet

bidirectional-Mamba PPG foundation model (ICASSP 2026)

wHuBERT

HuBERT-style Conformer for 25 Hz wearable PPG + accelerometry

xMAE

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