Model family 02 of 04
Multimodal
Multimodal models learn from several sensor streams together, for example PPG with ECG, motion or respiration, and map them into a shared representation. Training modalities can differ from what the model needs at inference, so check each record for its supported inputs.
Signals → shared representation- Models
- 22
- Open weights
- 5
- Benchmarks
- 9
- Years
- 24–26
- PPG · 18
- ECG · 13
- IMU · 10
- EEG · 6
- Resp · 4
- Temp · 4
22 multimodal models
Newest first · one primary role per record
Aethercompute-optimal physiological waveform FM family (20M–2.1B)Foundation modelPPGECGBP2026- BeatFormerdelay-aware beat-resolved ECG–PPG cardiovascular FMFoundation modelPPGECG2026 · Weights promised
CardioFMFoundation modelPPGECG2026
CardioState-JEPAFoundation modelPPGECGPCG2026 · Open weights
CSFM (Cardiac Signal FM)Foundation modelPPGECG2026
ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper)Foundation modelPPGECG2026
FemWearFoundation modelPPGIMUTemp2026
M2AE (Biosignal Fingerprinting)Foundation modelPPGECG2026- MSMA-PPGchannel-aligned expert routing for selected-wavelength PPGFoundation modelPPGIMU2026
OSF (Open Sleep Foundation Models)Foundation modelSpO₂RespEEG2026 · Open weights
SensorFM (Google)Foundation modelPPGIMUEDA2026
SleepFM-2Foundation modelPPGECGIMU2026
SPOTRsingle-token compress-reconstruct SSL for EEG/iEEG/ECG/PPG (IJCAI-ECAI 2026)Foundation modelPPGECGEEG2026
WavesFMhierarchical longitudinal FM for raw wearable PPG + accelerometer waveformsFoundation modelPPGIMU2026- wHuBERTHuBERT-style Conformer for 25 Hz wearable PPG + accelerometryFoundation modelPPGIMU2026
xMAEFoundation modelPPGECG2026
Google LSM-2 / AIMFoundation modelPPGIMUEDA2025
PhysioOmniFoundation modelECGEEGEMG2025 · Open weights
ProtoMM (Pulse-Motion)Foundation modelPPGIMU2025
Google LSMFoundation modelIMUTempHR2024
NormWearFoundation modelPPGECGIMU2024 · Open weights
SleepFM (v1)Foundation modelECGRespEEG2024 · Open weights
Where these models are benchmarked
All leaderboards
Heart rate estimation
PPG-DaLiA: MAE (BPM)
Includes CardioState-JEPA, ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper), MSMA-PPG · 14 results

Atrial fibrillation detection
Stanford wrist PPG AF (DeepBeat): macro-F1
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 1 result

Cuffless blood pressure estimation
pulsedb-vital: MAE (mmHg)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 1 result

Cuffless blood pressure estimation
uci-bp: MAE (mmHg)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 4 results

Heart rate estimation
Brno University of Technology Smartphone PPG Database (BUT PPG): MAE (BPM)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 1 result

Heart rate estimation
EarSet: MAE (BPM)
Includes MSMA-PPG · 1 result

Heart rate estimation
Gyro-Acc-PPG (BAMI-I, Wonkwang): MAE (BPM)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 1 result

Heart rate estimation
IEEE Signal Processing Cup 2015 (TROIKA): MAE (BPM)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 2 results

Heart rate estimation
WESAD: MAE (BPM)
Includes ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper) · 2 results
Datasets these models use
All datasets
PPG-DaLiAUsed by CardioState-JEPA, ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper), MSMA-PPG +1PPG dataset for motion compensation / HR15 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
PulseDB v2.0Used by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper), M2AE (Biosignal Fingerprinting)cleaned MIMIC-III + VitalDB cuffless-BP benchmark (MIMIC part ODbL; VitalDB part CC BY-NC-SA)5,361 subjects · PPG · ECG · BP
WESADUsed by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper), ProtoMM (Pulse-Motion)Wearable Stress and Affect Detection15 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
WildPPGUsed by CardioState-JEPA, MSMA-PPG16 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
BIDMC PPG and Respiration (Pimentel 2016 / PhysioNet)Used by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper)53 subjects · PPG · ECG · SpO₂
Brno University of Technology Smartphone PPG Database (BUT PPG)Used by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper)50 subjects · PPG · ECG- EarSetUsed by MSMA-PPGmulti-modal in-ear green/red/IR PPG + IMU30 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
- Gyro-Acc-PPG (BAMI-I, Wonkwang)Used by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper)3-channel green wrist PPG + accel + gyro, treadmill24 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
IEEE Signal Processing Cup 2015 (TROIKA)Used by ECG-PPG JEPA (Bridging ECG and PPG; unnamed in paper)wrist PPG during intensive exercise12 subjects · PPG · ECG · IMU
MIMIC-III Waveform MATCHEDUsed by Aetherpaired PLETH+ABP windows2,854 subjects · PPG · BP
MOODSUsed by ProtoMM (Pulse-Motion)Mobile Open Observation of Daily Stressors (Fossil Sport WearOS watch, 100-day field study; private)122 subjects · PPG · IMU
Samsung AFib/PVC studyUsed by xMAEGalaxy Watch PPG with Preventice ECG-patch beat labels (private)139 subjects · PPG
Families are editorial primary-role groupings reviewed against each model record, not an architecture taxonomy. A model appears in one family even when it could fit more than one. Diagrams are conceptual.
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Conceptual diagrams, not model architectures. One primary role per record; families can overlap.
Other / unclassified 79