GPT-PPG: a GPT-based foundation model for photoplethysmography signals

Physiological Measurement 46· 2025
PPGFoundation ModelDOI

Summary

Zhaoliang Chen, Cheng Ding, Saurabh Kataria, Runze Yan, Minxiao Wang, Randall Lee, Xiao Hu. Physiol. Meas.

Key facts

License
Not stated

Reported benchmarks

Cuffless blood pressure

PulseDB v2.0 · MAE (mmHg) ↓

#2 of 2
8.12 / 6.78

SBP/DBP MAE, GPT-1B fine-tuned; authors' random subject-disjoint test set (not official PulseDB subsets); authors call it reference only; arXiv v1 Table 4

Heart rate estimation

IEEE Signal Processing Cup 2015 (TROIKA) · MAE (bpm) ↓

#1 of 2
1.98

GPT-1B fine-tuned (MOFT), LOSO; arXiv v1 Table 2

Heart rate estimation

PPG-DaLiA · MAE (bpm) ↓

#2 of 9
4.77

GPT-1B fine-tuned (MOFT), LOSO; arXiv v1 Table 2; not comparable to frozen-probe rows

Heart rate estimation

WESAD · MAE (bpm) ↓

#2 of 2
4.98

GPT-1B fine-tuned (MOFT), LOSO; arXiv v1 Table 2

Updated: Oct 11, 2026