Paperdoi:10.3390/s26196047
ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)
Sensors 26(19), 2026-09-24
TL;DR
ESP32-S3 + AD8232 ECG + MAX30102 PPG/SpO2 + MAX30205 temperature, with nominal 100 Hz acquisition. PAT is taken from the ECG R-wave to the PPG foot, with telemetry over HTTPS and rule-based triage. No human-participant data: bench-top and synthetic scenarios only.
Abstract
Continuous remote physiological monitoring requires low-cost sensing nodes to preserve timing fidelity while maintaining secure connectivity and interpretable escalation. This study presents an engineering proof-of-concept platform centered on an ESP32-S3 with AD8232 ECG, MAX30102 PPG/SpO2, and MAX30205 contact-temperature sensing. FreeRTOS separates nominal 100 Hz ECG/PPG acquisition from network communication, and the ECG R-wave-to-peripheral-PPG-foot interval is treated as pulse-arrival time (PAT). Telemetry is transmitted over authenticated HTTPS to a Laravel platform, while a separate FastAPI service provides human-in-the-loop normal/warning/critical functional triage. The current evidence is limited to bench-top engineering operation and synthetically constructed triage scenarios; no human-participant measurements are analyzed or reported. An ethics-approved rest-exertion-recovery protocol has been prepared for a future validation stage. The present results support system integration and engineering feasibility, while physiological accuracy, PAT-to-blood-pressure calibration, respiratory-rate agreement, classifier performance, timing reliability, and battery/power characteristics remain to be established quantitatively.
Verbatim from the publisher's DOI record (opens in a new tab) · Publisher licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Cite this paper
Torad, M. A., Ahmed, H. E., Torad, A. A. M., Taha, M. M., Horváth, A. A., & Emam, M. A. (2026). ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026). Sensors 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26196047
Torad, Mohamed Ali, Hamdy Elsayed Ahmed, Ahmed Ali Mohamed Torad, Mona Mohamed Taha, András Attila Horváth, and Mohamed Abdelaziz Emam. 2026. "ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)." Sensors 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26196047.
Torad, M. A., Ahmed, H. E., Torad, A. A. M., Taha, M. M., Horváth, A. A. and Emam, M. A. (2026) 'ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)', Sensors 26. doi: 10.3390/s26196047.
Torad, Mohamed Ali, et al. "ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)." Sensors 26, 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26196047.
M. A. Torad, H. E. Ahmed, A. A. M. Torad, M. M. Taha, A. A. Horváth, and M. A. Emam, "ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)," Sensors 26, 2026, doi: 10.3390/s26196047.
@article{torad2026esp32s3,
title = {{ESP32-S3 multimodal wearable with ECG-to-PPG PAT and cloud triage: engineering PoC (Torad et al., Sensors 2026)}},
author = {Torad, Mohamed Ali and Ahmed, Hamdy Elsayed and Torad, Ahmed Ali Mohamed and Taha, Mona Mohamed and Horváth, András Attila and Emam, Mohamed Abdelaziz},
year = {2026},
journal = {Sensors 26},
doi = {10.3390/s26196047}
}Added to the ChatPPG research hub
