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Paperdoi:10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62

Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability

Venue listed2026Added Oct 29, 2026

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Authors: Ye Yang, Qiao Li, Mohamed Almadi, Jacqueline S. Gong, Ting Xiang, Zijun Liu, Gari D. Clifford, Gary E. Strangman, Yuan-Ting Zhang, Quan Zhang

Physiological Measurement 47(10) (IOP)

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TL;DR

Time-synced ECG, PPG and superficial temporal artery tonometry (STAT) from 28 sessions in 9 healthy adults at rest and during handgrip BP perturbations, referenced to continuous Finapres. PTT/PIR estimates had weak linear association with SBP (r ≈ 0.37–0.41) and weaker with DBP; nonlinear φk was higher (0.58–0.62 SBP, 0.38–0.57 DBP). STAT had very weak linear but the strongest nonlinear association (φk ≈ 0.68 SBP, 0.71 DBP).

  • Form factor: other

Abstract

Objective. Sensing modalities for cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring remain insufficiently characterized. To address this, we used exploratory data analysis (EDA) to evaluate multimodal physiological signals’ associations with reference BP, to gain insight into their BP-related information and characteristics. Approach. Time-synchronized electrocardiogram, photoplethysmography (PPG), and superficial temporal artery tonometry (STAT) signals were collected from 28 sessions across 9 healthy participants during resting and handgrip-induced BP perturbations, referenced against continuous Finapres BP. Pulse transit time (PTT)/PPG intensity ratio (PIR)-derived and STAT-derived BP estimates were evaluated via participant-level Pearson correlation and

φ k

coefficients, dynamic-responsiveness/baseline-stability measures, and a phase-resolved (stable vs dynamic) analysis. Main results. PTT/PIR-derived estimates showed weak linear association with reference SBP ( r ≈ 0.37–0.41) and weaker association with diastolic BP (DBP), with nonlinear association (

φ k

≈ 0.58–0.62 SBP, 0.38–0.57 DBP) exceeding their linear correlation. STAT-derived estimates showed very weak linear correlation but the strongest nonlinear association (

φ k

≈ 0.68 SBP, 0.71 DBP)—modest for systolic BP but more pronounced for DBP. Phase-resolved analysis confirmed STAT tracked BP more closely during the dynamic (handgrip) phase and PTT/PIR during the stable phase, a genuine, phase-specific pattern rather than a pooling artifact; because Finapres can amplify beat-to-beat amplitude, this should be read relative to that reference, not invasive BP. Significance. These complementary properties motivate a fusion strategy using STAT to track rapid BP changes while PTT/PIR anchors the baseline. More broadly, this EDA-derived understanding can guide more data-efficient, interpretable models—properties clinicians require regardless of data volume. Given the modest, healthy-only sample, findings should be regarded as preliminary.

Verbatim from the publisher's DOI record (opens in a new tab) · Publisher licence: https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/iop-standard/v1

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Tasks & signals

Tasks

Blood pressurePulse arrival time

Signals

PPGECGtonometry

Keywords

Cuffless BPPTTPIRFinapresHandgrip

How it works

How Method works: Setup → Method → TargetSetup: Signals (PPG, ECG, tonometry); Form factor (other). Method: Method. Target: Blood pressure; Pulse arrival time.SetupSignals: PPG, ECG, tonometrySignalsPPG, ECG, tonometryForm factor: otherForm factorotherMethodMethodTargetBlood pressureBlood pressurePulse arrival timePulse arrival time

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Yang, Y., Li, Q., Almadi, M., Gong, J. S., Xiang, T., Liu, Z., Clifford, G. D., Strangman, G. E., Zhang, Y.-T., & Zhang, Q. (2026). Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability. Physiological Measurement 47. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62
Yang, Ye, Qiao Li, Mohamed Almadi, Jacqueline S. Gong, Ting Xiang, Zijun Liu, Gari D. Clifford, Gary E. Strangman, Yuan-Ting Zhang, and Quan Zhang. 2026. "Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability." Physiological Measurement 47. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62.
Yang, Y., Li, Q., Almadi, M., Gong, J. S., Xiang, T., Liu, Z., Clifford, G. D., Strangman, G. E., Zhang, Y.-T. and Zhang, Q. (2026) 'Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability', Physiological Measurement 47. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62.
Yang, Ye, et al. "Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability." Physiological Measurement 47, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62.
Y. Yang et al., "Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability," Physiological Measurement 47, 2026, doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62.
@article{yang2026exploratory,
  title         = {{Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability}},
  author        = {Yang, Ye and Li, Qiao and Almadi, Mohamed and Gong, Jacqueline S. and Xiang, Ting and Liu, Zijun and Clifford, Gari D. and Strangman, Gary E. and Zhang, Yuan-Ting and Zhang, Quan},
  year          = {2026},
  journal       = {Physiological Measurement 47},
  publisher     = {IOP},
  doi           = {10.1088/1361-6579/aeab62}
}

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