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Paperdoi:10.5281/zenodo.22838996

Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)

Venue listed2026Added Nov 5, 2026

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Authors: Kelly Correa Baioco da Silva, Yasmim Camille Barretos de Morais, Ana Leticia Gomes dos Santos, Silvia Helena Bastos de Paula, José Luis Puglisi (first five listed)

Zenodo publication (conference paper #712), 2026-09-28

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TL;DR

114 participants, Fitzpatrick I–IV. Galaxy Watch4 SBP/DBP and HR vs a sphygmomanometer; SpO2 and HR vs a fingertip oximeter. SBP and DBP r = 0.974 / 0.980, mean bias +1.39 / +0.39 mmHg (watch BP is calibrated; protocol details not in abstract). HR agreed strongly; SpO2 correlated weakly (Spearman 0.192) with significant proportional bias. No significant difference in absolute error across phototypes I–IV for any metric.

  • Form factor: wrist

Abstract

Photoplethysmography-based wearable devices enable the acquisition of multiple physiological measurements, but their performance may vary across physiological metrics and can be influenced by the optical properties of the skin. This study evaluated the performance of physiological measurements obtained with the Samsung Galaxy Watch4 and investigated the magnitude of measurement errors across different skin phototypes. A total of 114 participants classified as Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I–IV were evaluated. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) measurements obtained with the smartwatch were compared with those obtained using a sphygmomanometer, whereas peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and HR were compared with measurements obtained using a fingertip pulse oximeter. Associations were assessed using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients, agreement was evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis, and absolute errors across phototypes were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. SBP and DBP showed strong correlations with the comparison device (r = 0.974 and r = 0.980, respectively), small mean biases (+1.39 and +0.39 mmHg), and no significant proportional bias. HR showed strong associations with both comparison devices, whereas SpO2 showed a weak association (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.192) and significant proportional bias. No statistically significant differences in absolute errors were detected across phototypes I–IV for any of the evaluated metrics (p > 0.05), and no systematic gradient of increasing error was observed across phototypes. Under the conditions evaluated, differences in smartwatch performance were more evident across physiological metrics than across the skin phototypes represented in the sample.

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Tasks & signals

Tasks

SpO₂Blood pressureHeart rate

Signals

PPGSpO₂BP

Keywords

Skin ToneFitzpatrickDevice ValidationSpO₂Cuffless BPHeart Rate

How it works

How Method works: Setup → Method → TargetSetup: Signals (PPG, SpO2, BP); Form factor (wrist). Method: Method. Target: SpO₂; Blood pressure; Heart rate.SetupSignals: PPG, SpO2, BPSignalsPPG, SpO2, BPForm factor: wristForm factorwristMethodMethodTargetSpO₂O₂SpO₂Blood pressureBlood pressureHeart rateHeart rate

Cite this paper

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da Silva, K. C. B., de Morais, Y. C. B., dos Santos, A. L. G., de Paula, S. H. B., & Puglisi, J. L. (2026). Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026). Zenodo publication. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22838996
da Silva, Kelly Correa Baioco, Yasmim Camille Barretos de Morais, Ana Leticia Gomes dos Santos, Silvia Helena Bastos de Paula, and José Luis Puglisi. 2026. "Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)." Zenodo publication. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22838996.
da Silva, K. C. B., de Morais, Y. C. B., dos Santos, A. L. G., de Paula, S. H. B. and Puglisi, J. L. (2026) 'Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)', Zenodo publication. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22838996.
da Silva, Kelly Correa Baioco, et al. "Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)." Zenodo publication, 2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22838996.
K. C. B. da Silva, Y. C. B. de Morais, A. L. G. dos Santos, S. H. B. de Paula, and J. L. Puglisi, "Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)," Zenodo publication, 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22838996.
@article{silva2026performance,
  title         = {{Performance of multiple PPG-based measurements (BP, SpO2, HR) on Samsung Galaxy Watch4 across skin phototypes (da Silva et al., Zenodo 2026)}},
  author        = {da Silva, Kelly Correa Baioco and de Morais, Yasmim Camille Barretos and dos Santos, Ana Leticia Gomes and de Paula, Silvia Helena Bastos and Puglisi, José Luis},
  year          = {2026},
  journal       = {Zenodo publication},
  doi           = {10.5281/zenodo.22838996}
}

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