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Paperdoi:10.1093/sleep/15.5.461

Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity

Venue listed1992Added Nov 9, 2026

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Authors: Roger J. Cole, Daniel F. Kripke, William Gruen, Daniel J. Mullaney, J. Christian Gillin

Sleep 1992;15(5):461–469

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Open codeArticle paywalled (Oxford SLEEP)

TL;DR

Develops and prospectively validates automatic wrist-activity sleep/wake scoring vs overnight PSG in mixed normal and clinical adults. ≈88% epoch agreement; sleep percentage and latency correlate 0.82 / 0.90 with PSG.

  • Form factor: wrist

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate automatic scoring methods to distinguish sleep from wakefulness based on wrist activity. Forty-one subjects (18 normals and 23 with sleep or psychiatric disorders) wore a wrist actigraph during overnight polysomnography. In a randomly selected subsample of 20 subjects, candidate sleep/wake prediction algorithms were iteratively optimized against standard sleep/wake scores. The optimal algorithms obtained for various data collection epoch lengths were then prospectively tested on the remaining 21 subjects. The final algorithms correctly distinguished sleep from wakefulness approximately 88% of the time. Actigraphic sleep percentage and sleep latency estimates correlated 0.82 and 0.90, respectively, with corresponding parameters scored from the polysomnogram (p < 0.0001). Automatic scoring of wrist activity provides valuable information about sleep and wakefulness that could be useful in both clinical and research applications.

Verbatim from Europe PMC (opens in a new tab) · Abstract via Europe PMC; © the authors/publisher

Results on ChatPPG leaderboards · 1

All leaderboards
LeaderboardMethodResultRank
own-cole-1992-lab accuracySleep/wake detection (actigraphy-style)Cole–Kripke sleep–wake scoring0.88accuracy, higher is better#1 of 1

1 row is credited to this paper. Ranks apply within each leaderboard only, as reported by the source.

Tasks & signals

Tasks

Sleep/wake detection (actigraphy-style)Sleep staging

Signals

IMU

Keywords

Sleep WakeActigraphyClassicalCole Kripke

How it works

How Method works: Setup → Method → TargetSetup: Signals (IMU); Form factor (wrist). Method: Method. Target: Sleep staging.SetupSignals: IMUxyzSignalsIMUForm factor: wristForm factorwristMethodMethodTargetSleep stagingSleep staging

Cite this paper

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Cole, R. J., Kripke, D. F., Gruen, W., Mullaney, D. J., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity. Sleep 1992, 15(5), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/15.5.461
Cole, Roger J., Daniel F. Kripke, William Gruen, Daniel J. Mullaney, and J. Christian Gillin. 1992. "Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity." Sleep 1992 15 (5): 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/15.5.461.
Cole, R. J., Kripke, D. F., Gruen, W., Mullaney, D. J. and Gillin, J. C. (1992) 'Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity', Sleep 1992, 15(5), pp. 461–469. doi: 10.1093/sleep/15.5.461.
Cole, Roger J., et al. "Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity." Sleep 1992, vol. 15, no. 5, 1992, pp. 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/15.5.461.
R. J. Cole, D. F. Kripke, W. Gruen, D. J. Mullaney, and J. C. Gillin, "Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity," Sleep 1992, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 461–469, 1992, doi: 10.1093/sleep/15.5.461.
@article{cole1992automatic,
  title         = {{Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity}},
  author        = {Cole, Roger J. and Kripke, Daniel F. and Gruen, William and Mullaney, Daniel J. and Gillin, J. Christian},
  year          = {1992},
  journal       = {Sleep 1992},
  volume        = {15},
  number        = {5},
  pages         = {461--469},
  doi           = {10.1093/sleep/15.5.461}
}

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